Cia

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{{Infobox Govt Agency | agency_name = Central Intelligence Agency | abbreviation = CIA | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | seal = CIA.svg | seal_width = 125 px | seal_caption = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency | formed = 26 July, [ | preceding1 = Central Intelligence Group | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = [Langley, Virginia, [United States | employees = [Classified information{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs/index.html#employeenumbers| work=cia.gov| title=CIA Frequently Asked Questions| date=2006-07-28| accessdate=2007-04-15-->{{cite web| url=https:https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/faqs/index.html#employeenumbers| work=cia.gov| title=Public affairs FAQ| date=July 28, 2006{{cite web | url=http://www.cato.org/dailys/7-28-97.html| title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret| author=Dave Kopel | minister1_pfo = [Director of National Intelligence | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | chief1_name = [General [Michael Hayden [USAF | chief1_position = [Director of the Central Intelligence Agency | chief2_name = [Stephen Kappes | chief2_position = [Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency | chief3_name = [Michael Morell | chief3_position = Associate Deputy Director | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | website = https://www.cia.gov/ www.cia.gov | footnotes = -->The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States Federal government of the United States. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers. Additionally, the agency sometimes engages in propaganda and public relations efforts. It also serves as the government's paramilitary hidden hand via covert operations at the direction of the President of the United States and under oversight by Congress.{{cite web| title = CIA Vision, Mission, and Values| work = cia.gov| url = https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-vision-mission-values/index.html| date= 2006-07-16| accessdate=2007-06-23-->Its headquarters is in the community of Langley, Virginia in the McLean, Virginia Census-designated place of Fairfax County, Virginia, Virginia, a few miles northwest from downtown Washington, D.C. along the Potomac River. The CIA is part of the United States Intelligence Community, led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) and Israel's Mossad.

The CIA is sometimes referred to euphemism in government and Military of the United States Idiom#Parlance as Other Government Agencies (or OGA), particularly when its operations in a particular area are an open secret.{{cite web| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/03236/214533.stm| title=Unsavory allies stack CIA's deck| author=Nir Rosen| work=post-gazette.com| accessdate=2003-08-24-->{{cite web| url=http://www.yuricareport.com/PrisonerTortureDirectory/JordanLinksAbuGhraibToWhiteHouse.html| work=Yurica Report| title=Soldier Described White House Interest| author=R. Jeffrey Smith| date=2004-06-09| accessdate=2007-04-15--> Other terms include The Company and The Agency.

History The Central Intelligence Agency was created by Congress with passage of the National Security Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. It is the descendant of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) of World War II, which was dissolved in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments. Eleven months earlier, in 1944, William J. Donovan (a.k.a. Wild Bill Donovan), the OSS's creator, proposed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt creating a new espionage organization directly supervised by the President: "which will procure intelligence both by overt and covert methods and will at the same time provide intelligence guidance, determine national intelligence objectives, and correlate the intelligence material collected by all government agencies."{{cite book]| pages=p.6| date=1993-09-22| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Despite opposition from the military establishment, the State Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group in January 1946.{{cite web] (effective September 18, 1947), the United States National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were established.{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/sunday/commentary/la-op-zegart23sep23,0,7737105.story?coll=la-sunday-commentary| title=The CIA's license to fail| author=Amy B. Zegart| publisher=The Los Angeles Times| date=2007-09-23--> Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed as the first Director of Central Intelligence.

The National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948 (NSC 10/2) further gave the CIA the authority to carry out covert operations "against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons."{{cite web] (Public Law 81-110) was passed, permitting the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempting it from most of the usual limitations on the use of Federal funds. The act also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It also created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fall outside normal immigration procedures, as well as giving those persons Cover (intelligence) and economic support. {{cite web| title =George Tenet v. John Doe| work =Federation of American Scientists| url =http://www.fas.org/sgp/jud/tenetvdoe-petresp.pdf| date= 2006-07-16| accessdate=2007-04-15| format=PDF-->During the first years of its existence, other branches of government did not exercise much control over the Central Intelligence Agency; justified by the desire to match and defeat KGB actions throughout the globe, a task many believed could be accomplished only through an approach as equally ungentlemanly as the KGB's, consequently, few in government closely inquired about the CIA's activity. The rapid expansion of the CIA, and a developed sense of independence under the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Allen Dulles added to this trend.

Things came to a head in the early 1970s, around the time of the Watergate political burglary affair. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of United States Congress to assert oversight of U.S. Presidency, the executive branch of the U.S. Government. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign leaders, illegal domestic spying on U.S. citizens, provided the opportunities to execute Congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations. Hastening the Central Intelligence Agency's fall from grace were the burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party (United States) by ex-CIA agents, and President Richard Nixon subsequent use of the CIA to impede the FBI's investigation of the burglary. In the famous "smoking gun" audio tape provoking President Nixon's resignation, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, to tell the CIA that further investigation of Watergate would "open the whole can of worms" about the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, and, therefore, that the CIA should tell the FBI to cease investigating the Watergate burglary, due to reasons of "national security".{{cite web| url=http://www.hpol.org/transcript.php?id=92| work=hpol.org| title= Transcript of a recording of a meeting between President Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the oval office| date=1972-06-23| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

In 1973, then-DCI James R. Schlesinger commissioned reports — known as the "Family jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)" — on illegal activities by the Agency. In December 1974, Investigative journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the "Family Jewels" in a front-page article in The New York Times, revealing that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had conducted surveillance on some seven thousand American citizens involved in the antiwar movement (Operation CHAOS).

Congress responded to the disturbing charges in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the Church Committee, chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike Committee, chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY). In addition, President Gerald Ford created the United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States, and issued a directive prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders.

Repercussions from the Iran-Contra arms smuggling scandal included the creation of the Intelligence Authorization Act in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the U.S. is neither openly nor apparently engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official, presidential finding report and the informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification".

In 1988, President George H. W. Bush became the first former chief of the CIA to be elected President of the United States.

In 1993, the headquarters of the CIA was attacked by Mir Aimal Kansi, a Pakistani national. Two CIA employees were killed, Frank Darling and Lansing Bennett On February 24, 1994, the agency was rocked by the arrest of 31-year veteran case officer Aldrich Ames on charges of spying for the Soviet Union since 1985.{{cite web] is a permanent member of the United States Cabinet, responsible for briefing the President with pertinent information collected by all U.S. intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration, et cetera; all sixteen United States Intelligence Community agencies are under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

Many of the post-Watergate restrictions upon the Central Intelligence Agency were lifted after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the The Pentagon. Fifty-two years earlier, in 1949, Congress and President Harry S. Truman had approved arrangements that CIA and national intelligence funding could be hidden in the U.S federal budget. Some critics charge this violates the requirement in the United States Constitution that the federal budget be openly published.

Organization Agency seal The heraldic symbol of the CIA consists of 3 representative parts: the left-facing bald eagle head atop, the compass star (or compass rose), and the shield. The eagle is the national bird, standing for strength and alertness. The 16-point compass star represents the CIA's world-wide search for intelligence outside the United States, which is then reported to the headquarters for analysis, reporting, and re-distribution to policymakers. The compass rests upon a shield, symbolic of defense.

Structure

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) – The head of the CIA is given the title of the DCIA. The act that created the CIA in 1947 also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community, act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security, and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Security Act to provide for a Director of National Intelligence who would assume some of the roles formerly fulfilled by the DCI, with a separate Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
CIA Deputy Director (DDCIA) – Assists the Director in his duties as head of the CIA and exercises the powers of the Director when the Director’s position is vacant or in the Director’s absence or disability.
Associate Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (ADD) – Created July 5 2006, the ADD was delegated all authorities and responsibilities vested previously in the post of Executive Director. The post of Executive Director, which was responsible for managing the CIA on a day-to-day basis, was simultaneously abolished. {{cite web

| title =Statement by Director of the Central Intelligence Agency General Michael V. Hayden| work =cia.gov| url =https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/press_release/2006/pr07112006.htm| date=2006-07-16| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Associate Director for Military Support (AD/MS) – The DCIA's principal adviser and representative on military issues. The AD/MS coordinates Intelligence Community efforts to provide Joint Force commanders with timely, accurate intelligence. The AD/MS also supports Department of Defense officials who oversee military intelligence training and the acquisition of intelligence systems and technology. A senior general officer, the AD/MS ensures coordination of Intelligence Community policies, plans and requirements relating to support to military forces in the intelligence budget.

Directorates and other offices

The Directorate of Intelligence, the analytical branch of the CIA, is responsible for the production and dissemination of all-source intelligence analysis on key foreign issues. {{cite web

The National Clandestine Service, a semi-independent service which was formerly the Directorate of Operations, is responsible for the clandestine collection of foreign intelligence and covert operation.
The Directorate of Science & Technology creates and applies innovative technology in support of the intelligence collection mission. {{cite web

The Directorate of Support provides the mission critical elements of the Agency's support foundation: people, security, information, property, and financial operations. Most of this Directorate is sub-structured into smaller offices based on role and purpose, such as the CIA Office of Security.
The Center for the Study of Intelligence maintains the Agency's historical materials and promotes the study of intelligence as a legitimate and serious discipline. {{cite web

The Office of the General Counsel advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is the principal source of legal counsel for the CIA. {{cite web

The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the administration of Agency activities. OIG also seeks to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. The Inspector General is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Inspector General, whose activities are independent of those of any other component in the Agency, reports directly to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. OIG conducts inspections, investigations, and audits at Headquarters and in the field, and oversees the Agency-wide grievance-handling system. The OIG provides a semiannual report to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency which the Director is required by law to submit to the Intelligence Committees of Congress within 30 days.
The Office of Public relations advises the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on all media, public policy, and employee communications issues relating to his role as CIA director and is the CIA’s principal communications focal point for the media, the general public and Agency employees. {{cite web

The Office of Military Affairs provides intelligence and operational support to the US armed forces. {{cite web

| title = Office of Military Affairs| work = cia.gov| url = https://www.cia.gov/oma/oma.html| date = 2007-03-24| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Relationship with other agencies was developed from the CIA's A-12 OXCART.The CIA acts as the primary American provider of central intelligence estimates. It is believed to make use of the product derived from surveillance satellites of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and the signal interception capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), including the ECHELON system, the surveillance aircraft of the various branches of the U.S. armed forces and the analysts of the State Department and United States Department of Energy. At one point, the CIA even operated its own fleet of Lockheed U-2 and A-12 OXCART surveillance aircraft. The agency has also operated alongside regular military forces, and also employs a group of clandestine officers with paramilitary skills in its Special Activities Division. Johnny Michael Spann, a CIA officer killed in November 2001 during the War in Afghanistan (2001–present), was one such individual. The CIA also has strong links with other foreign intelligence agencies such as the UK's MI6, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Spain's Center of National Intelligence, Israel's Mossad, and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service. Further, it is currently believed to be financing several Counterterrorist Intelligence Centers. One of these, known under the codename of Alliance Base, was allegedly set up in Paris and jointly run in cooperation with France's DGSE. Although classified, the CIA may also be actively cooperating with India's Research and Analysis Wing and possibly Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia). The CIA worked extensively with Pakistan's ISI throughout the Afghan-Soviet War, and works with this agency closely for the War on Terror.

Historical operations and controversies North America In 1950, the CIA organized the Pacific Corporation, the first of many CIA private enterprises. In 1951, the Columbia Broadcasting System began co-operating with the CIA; President Truman created the Office of Current Intelligence.

Director Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter approved Project BLUEBIRD, later renamed Project ARTICHOKE, which was the CIA's first mind control program. In the 1950s and 60s, the CIA ran a mind-control research program code-named Project MKULTRA in the United States and Canada. The project in Montreal included developing techniques used by Nazi scientists to wipe out the existing personalities of the victims.{{cite web| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/scotland/article495413.ece| work=The Sunday Times| title=Brainwash victims win cash claims| author= Karin Goodwin| date=2004-11-17| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Europe CIA was successful in limiting native Communist influence in France and Italy, notably in the 1948 Italian election. After WWII, a clandestine NATO "stay-behind" operation in Italy called Operation Gladio, was set up in Western Europe, intended to counter a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. There are allegations that throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Gladio operatives were involved in a series of "false flag" fascist terrorist actions in Italy that were blamed on the "Red Brigades" and other Left-wing political groups in an attempt to politically discredit the Italian Left wing. The US state department has denied involvement in terrorism and stated that some of the claims have been influenced by a Soviet forgery, US Army Field Manual 30-31B.

In some unexplained way, the CIA managed to acquire the Rosenholz files, containing the list of foreign spies of the Stasi, in the former German Democratic Republic.{{cite web| url=http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=12&fileid=612CAF70-74AC-5C75-C8BF-5A19D04ADEFB&lng=de| work=Nowegian Institute for Defense Studies| title=Stasi Files and GDR espionage Against the West| author=Bernd Schafer| format=PDF| date=2007-03-13| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Linkages with former Nazis The CIA had been aware of the location of some high-profile Nazi war criminals, including the whereabouts of Adolf Eichmann two years before he was captured by Israeli agents, but the agency did not publicize this information, as it did not have a policy of pursuing Nazi war criminals at the time. Several former Nazi operational agents were recruited as U.S. secret agents, yet formed just a minor portion of the agents at that time; they were induced financially and promised exemption from criminal prosecution and trial for war crimes committed during World War II.{{cite web| url=http://www.jstandard.com/articles/1159/1/Postwar-U.S.| title=Postwar U.S.- Nazi link revealed| author=Ron Kampeas| date= 2006-08-06| accessdate=2007-04-15--> Some claim that these agents had a long-term corrosive effect on American intelligence agencies.{{cite book| last = Simpson| first = Christopher| authorlink=Christopher Simpson| year =August 1989| title = Blowback: America's recruitment of Nazis and its effects on the Cold War| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson.| location = New York| id =ISBN 978-0020449959-->

Developing world In the 1950s, with Europe stabilizing along the Iron Curtain, the CIA then tried limiting the spread of Soviet influence elsewhere around the world, especially in the poor countries of the Third World. Encouraged by DCI Allen Dulles, clandestine operations quickly dominated the organization's actions.

Particularly during the Cold War, the CIA supported many dictators, including General Augusto Pinochet of Chile; dictators in Central America, African Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko and militant leaders such as Jonas Savimbi, the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the religious despots in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Kuwait and Indonesia, who have been friendly to perceived U.S. geopolitical interests (anti-Communism, natural resource access for petroleum companies and multinational corporations, and implementing neoliberal economics). In some cases the CIA supported coups against elected governments, partially because they were perceived, at the time, as turning into Communist dictatorships.

John Stockwell, formerly a high-level CIA operative, claims that six million people have been killed by the United States in the Third World countries. This claim includes the deaths in the Korea and Vietnam wars that Stockwell feels should be blamed on the United States. {{cite web| title =Americas Third World War How 6 million People Were killed in CIA secret wars against third world countries| work =Information Clearing House| url =http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article4068.htm| date=2006-07-11| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Guatemala PBSUCCESS, authorized by Dwight Eisenhower, is the codename for the CIA first covert operation in Latin America, carried out in Guatemala. According to most historians, the CIA-sponsored military coup in 1954 was “the poison arrow that pierced the heart of Guatemala's young democracy.”{{cite web| url=http://consortiumnews.com/archive/story38.html| work=The Consortium| title=Guatemala – 1954: Behind the CIA’s Coup| author=Kate Doyle, the [democratically-elected President of Guatemala of Guatemala.The U.S. began to worry about the growth of Communism there because of policies set forth by Jacobo Arbenz. By recruiting a Guatemalan military force the CIA's operation succeeded in eliminating the democratic government and replacing it with a military junta headed by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas.

The political and consequent social instability created in Guatemala 6 years later resulted in a very long civil war and its consequent, destructive impact upon the society, the economy, human rights and the culture of Guatemala.

Iran Britain, resentful of the nationalization of Iran’s oil industry, came up with the idea for the coup in 1952 and pressed the U.S. to mount a joint operation to remove the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh{{cite book], 2000 to rule Iran autocratically. Partially due to fear of a Communist overthrow due to increasing influence of the Communist [Tudeh party, and partly to gain control of a larger share of Iranian oil supplies, the US agreed. Brigadier General Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. and CIA guru Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. were ordered to begin a covert operation to overthrow Mossadegh. A complex plot, codenamed Operation Ajax, was conceived and executed from the US Embassy in Tehran. Full details of the operation were released fifty years later, in 2003. Britain, who previously had controlled all of the Iranian oil industry, lost its monopoly and allowed U.S. oil companies to compete in Iran. Because the Shah had neutralized or assassinated all of his moderate political opposition, when the Shah was finally overthrown in 1979, it was by extreme Islamic fundamentalists. Former CIA director Admiral Stansfield Turner had poor intelligence of the Islamist revolution of 1979 in Iran as, "It was a big gap in CIA coverage." Consequently the CIA engaged in numerous covert operations in an attempt to maintain control.

Cuba The limitations of large scale covert action became apparent during the CIA-organized Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. The failed para-military invasion embarrassed the CIA and the United States world-wide. Recently de-classified documents show in written confirmation that President Kennedy had officially denied the CIA authorization to invade Cuba. Cuban leader Fidel Castro used the routed invasion to consolidate his power and strengthen Cuba's ties with the Soviet Union. Later, the CIA tried and failed several times to Fidel Castro#Assassination Attempts Fidel Castro.The CIA has supported a variety of anti-Castro agents such as Orlando Bosch and Luis Carrilles who are wanted in Venezuela for terrorism charges.

Indochina CIA operations became less visible after the Bay of Pigs, and shifted to being closely linked to aiding the U.S. military operation in Vietnam. Between 1962 and 1975, the CIA organized a Laos group known as the Secret Army and ran a fleet of aircraft known as Air America to take part in the Secret War in Laos, part of the Vietnam War.

The CIA's Phoenix Program during the Vietnam War was described by a former official as a "sterile depersonalized murder program". Quote: "I never knew an individual to be detained as a VC suspect who ever lived through an interrogation" {{cite web]1971-->

In December 1978, three-and-a-half years after the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Indochina, Cambodian-Vietnamese War Cambodia and dislodged the genocidal regime of Pol Pot. According to socialist U.S. foreign policy critic William Blum, the State Department continued to recognize the former government as the legitimate representative of Cambodia at the United Nations, and the United States used a variety of means to give indirect support to the Khmer Rouge, in an ongoing effort to thwart the Vietnamese-installed regime of Heng Samrin. Blum also claims that the CIA supplied arms directly to Khmer Rouge forces and also funneled more than $20 million/year of "non-lethal" aid to a coalition which included the Khmer Rouge, without Congressional approval.

Iraq According to certain authors the CIA supported the 1963 military coup d'état in Iraq against the Qassim government and supported the subsequently installed government of Saddam Hussein, until the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. U.S. support for the invasion was predicated upon the notion that Iraq was a key buffer state in geopolitical relations with the Soviet Union. There are U.S. court records indicating the CIA militarily and monetarily assisted Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War. The CIA also was involved in the failed 1996 coup against Saddam Hussein. {{cite web]'s 1968 coup d'état against the Government of Rahman Arif, with Saddam Hussein eventually assuming power.

Chile On September 4, 1970 Salvador Allende gained presidency after four elections and became the first socialist to be democratically elected in the Western Hemisphere in the 20th century.Soon after, President Richard Nixon ordered a covert operation, Project FUBELT, to undermine Allende's government and promote military coup in Chile. Joining the operations included Henry Kissinger (National Security Advisor), Richard Helms (CIA Director), and John N. Mitchell. Under the supervision of Thomas Karamessines, a special task force was established and led by veteran David Atlee Phillips.

On September 11, 1973 General Augusto Pinochet, who had just 19 days prior become the commander in chief of the army, executed a bloody coup d'etat which resulted in the death of Allende and the beginning of Pinochet's dictatorship, during which opposition was suppressed via state terrorism. Whether the US directly participated in the coup itself is disputed, see 1973 Chilean coup d'état.

Afghanistan Often cited as one of the American intelligence community's biggest mistakes was the training, arming, supplying and supporting of the Mujahedeen (Islamist fighters) in Afghanistan, initiated under Carter and greatly expanded under Reagan, as American proxy soldiers against the Marxist regime and later the Soviet Soviet war in Afghanistan. Part of the Mujahedeen trained by the CIA later became the core cadre of Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda Islamist organization.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm Zbigniew Brzezinski, the National Security Advisor under President Jimmy Carter, has Zbigniew Brzezinski#Afghanistan U.S. military involvement in Afghanistan in several magazines.http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/BRZ110A.html

Sudan (Darfur) Democracy Now reported on June 5, 2005, "CIA Secretly Restores Ties to Sudan Despite Ongoing Human Rights Abuses in Darfur". Los Angeles Times recently revealed that the U.S. has quietly forged a close intelligence partnership with Sudan despite the government's role in the mass killings in Darfur.{{citeweb |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/06/01/1440259|work=democracynow.org|title=CIA Secretly Restores Ties to Sudan Despite Ongoing Human Rights Abuses in Darfur|date=June 1, 2005. "The US government decided, in 1996, to send nearly $20 million of military equipment through the 'front-line' states of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Uganda to help the Sudanese opposition overthrow the Khartoum regime."Federation of American Scientists fas.org

Sudan’s interior minister accused Central Intelligence Agency of smuggling weapons into the troubled region of Darfur. Interior Minister Zubair Bashir Taha addressing a crowd consisting of youth organizations said that the CIA is seeking to “disrupt the demographics of Darfur”. The US special envoy to Darfur Andrew Natsios told reporters in Khartoum last week that Arab groups from neighboring countries were resettling in West Darfur and other lands traditionally belonging to local African tribes.Taha accused the US of being responsible for “prolonging the war in Darfur and the death of thousands of people after the Abuja peace agreement just like they did in Iraq”.{{citeweb|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article23023|work=Sudan Tribune|title=Sudan accuses CIA of smuggling weapons into Darfur|date=[July 27, 2007|accessdate=2007-08-19-->{{citeweb|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/26241|work=afrol News|title=Darfur: CIA accused of weapons smuggling|accessdate=2007-08-19-->

Cultural activities In 1967 it was revealed that the Congress of Cultural Freedom had been sponsored by the CIA. It published literary and political journals such as Encounter (magazine) (as well as Der Monat in Germany and Preuves in France), and hosted dozens of conferences bringing together some of the most eminent Western thinkers; it also gave some assistance to intellectuals behind the Iron Curtain. The CIA states that, "Somehow this organization of scholars and artists — egotistical, free-thinking, and even anti-American in their politics — managed to reach out from its Paris headquarters to demonstrate that Communism, despite its blandishments, was a deadly foe of art and thought".{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v38i5a10p.htm| work=cia.gov| title= Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50| author=Michael Warner| pages=1995 Edition -- Volume 38, Number 5| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

Commercial airline service The CIA operated Air America and a number of airline companies. Air America disbanded in 1975. An Air America Memorial is located in Dallas, Texas. http://www.usmcpress.com/heritage/air_america.htm

Drug trafficking

Numerous accusations have been made that the CIA has been involved in drug trafficking to fund illegal operations in Nicaragua during their civil war, Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion, and in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. According to a personal account by Everett Ellis Briggs, former U.S. Ambassador to Panama and Honduras, CIA undermined efforts to put a stop to the drug smuggling activities of Panamanian strongman Manuel Noriega prior to the December, 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama. {{cite news|title=Our Man in Panama|last=Briggs|first=Everett Ellis|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/opinion/09briggs.html|publisher=The New York Times|date=September 9, 2007-->

Contras The Kerry Committee report in 1989 found that the U.S. State Department had paid drug traffickers. Some of these payments were after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges or while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.{{cite web] testified to Congress:{{cquote|Senator Kerry and his Senate investigation found drug traffickers had used the Contra war and tie to the Contra leadership to help this deadly trade. Among their devastating findings, the Kerry Committee report found that major drug lords used the Contra supply networks and the traffickers provided support for Contras in return. The CIA of course, created, trained, supported, and directed the Contras and were involved in every level of their war. {{cite web| author =| year =1998| url =http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/7May98/waters2.html| title =Congressional Record (07 May 1998) H2970| format =HTML| work =| publisher =| accessdate =April 22| accessyear =2006--> -->

In 1996, investigative journalist Gary Webb wrote a series of exposés for the San Jose Mercury News entitled, "Dark Alliance", in which he reported evidence that CIA aircraft, which had ferried arms to the Nicaraguan Contras, had been used to ship cocaine to the United States on their return flights. Webb also alleged that Central American Illegal drug trade could distribute cocaine in U.S. cities in the 1980s without the interference of normal law enforcement agencies, and that the CIA intervened to prevent the prosecution of drug dealers who were helping to fund the Contras. He asserted that this led, in part, to the crack cocaine epidemic, especially in poor neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Faced with heavy Congressional and mainstream media criticism (especially from the Los Angeles Times), the Mercury News ultimately retracted Webb's conclusions, and Webb was prevented from conducting any further investigative reporting. (Webb was transferred to cover non-controversial suburban stories and subsequently gave up journalism and committed suicide.)

After the "Dark Alliance" reports in the Mercury News, CIA Inspector General Frederick Hitz was assigned to investigate these allegations. In 1998 the new DCI, George Tenet, declared that he was releasing the report. {{cite book] 1999| title =Inspector: CIA Kept Ties With Alleged Traffickers| journal =The Washington Post| volume =| issue =| pages =p. A12| id =| url =http://www.anomalous-images.com/news/news181.html| accessdate=2007-04-15--> Hitz also said that under an agreement in 1982 between [Ronald Reagan's Attorney General William French Smith and the CIA, agency officers were not required to report allegations of drug trafficking involving non-employees, which was defined as meaning paid and non-paid "assets agents, pilots who ferried supplies to the contras, as well as contra officials and others. This agreement, which had not previously been revealed, came at a time when there were allegations that the CIA was using drug dealers in its controversial covert operation to bring down the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Only after Congressional funds were restored in 1986 was the agreement modified to require the CIA to stop paying agents whom it believed were involved in the drug trade.

Drugs in Asia It has also been alleged that the CIA was involved in the opium/heroin trade in Asia during the Vietnam War and later, which was the focus of Alfred W. McCoy book, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, an earlier edition of which had already been subjected to attempted suppression by the CIA. {{cite book| last = McCoy| first = Alfred W.| authorlink =Alfred W. McCoy| coauthors =| year =May 1 2003| publisher =Lawrence Hill Books| location =| id =ISBN 1-55652-483-8--> {{cite web| author =| year =| url =http://www.serendipity.li/cia.html#cia_drug_trafficking| title =The CIA's Drug-Trafficking Activities| format =HTML| work =| publisher =| accessdate =April 22| accessyear =2006--> {{cite web| author =| year =| url =http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1556524838/sr=1-1/qid=1145699061/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-4696757-3275842?%5Fencoding=UTF8&s=books| title =The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade, Library Journal book review| format = HTML| work =| publisher =Library Journal| accessdate =April 22| accessyear =2006--> The CIA's air cargo operation, [Air America, has also been accused of transporting drugs.Dale Scott, Peter. Drugs, Oil, and War: The United States in Afghanistan, Columbia and Indochina (Rowman and Littlefield, 2003) ISBN 0-7425-2522-8

Mafia connections and assassination plots The United States government has conspired with organized crime figures to assassinate foreign heads of state. The CIA has been linked to several assassination attempts on foreign leaders, including first democratically elected prime minister of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) Patrice Lumumba, former leader of Panama Omar Torrijos {{cite web]. Between August 1960, and April 1961, the CIA with the help of the Mafia assassins pursued a series of plots to poison or shoot Castro according to the assassination plots proposed by Colonel Sheffield Edwards, director of the CIA's Office of Security.{{cite web| title = Bay of Pigs 40 years after.| work = National Security Archive| url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html| accessdate= 2007-07-16--> p. 3, 14 CIA, Inspector General's Report on Efforts to Assassinate Fidel Castro.

Notre Dame law professor G. Robert Blakey, counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, states that the CIA withheld information from the Warren Commission and frustrated the efforts of the Congressional Committee he represented. {{cite web| title =G. Robert Blakey's 2003 Addendum to this Interview| work =PBS Frontline| url =http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/interviews/blakey.html#addendum| date=2006-09-05| accessdate=2007-04-15-->

According to a 1997 New York Times article, the CIA conducted a covert propaganda campaign to squelch criticism of the Warren Report. The CIA urged its field stations to use their "propaganda assets" to attack those who didn't agree with the Warren Report. In a dispatch from CIA headquarters, the Agency instructed its stations around the world to:

counteract the "new wave of books and articles criticizing the Commission's findings... conspiracy theories ... have frequently thrown suspicion on our organization";

"discuss the publicity problem with liaison and friendly elite contacts, especially politicians and editors;" and

"employ propaganda assets to answer and refute the attacks of the critics. ... Book reviews and feature articles are particularly appropriate for this purpose. ... The aim of this dispatch is to provide material for countering and discrediting the claims of the conspiracy theorists..."

Declassified CIA interrogation manuals In 1984, a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was discovered, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War". {{cite web| title =Declassified Army and CIA Manuals| work =Latin American Working Group| url =http://www.lawg.org/misc/Publications-manuals.htm| date=2006-07-30| accessdate=2006-04-26--> The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” (i.e., kill) government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:

The manual also recommended:

{{cquote|...selective use of armed force for PSYOP operations effect.... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA warfare operations area, but extensive precautions must insure that the people “concur” in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission. {{cite web| title =Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration| work =The Future of Freedom Foundation| url =http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0406c.asp| date=2006-07-30| accessdate=2006-04-27--> -->

The CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" activities already being done by the Contras. {{cite web| title =International Law PSCI 0236 > International Law PSCI 0236 > Introduction| work =middlebury.edu| url =https://segue.middlebury.edu/index.php?action=site&site=psci0236

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